How Much Vitamin B12 Should You Take Daily? | Methyl-Life

How Much Vitamin B12 Should You Take Daily? | Methyl-Life

Katie Stone - Naturopath

Written By:

Katie Stone - Naturopath
Dr. Conor Sheehy - PharmD, BCPS

Medical Reviewer:

Dr. Conor Sheehy - PharmD, BCPS
Kari Asadorian - Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Edited By:

Kari Asadorian - Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Updated On:

March 24, 2025

Table of Contents

    How Much Vitamin B12 Should You Take Daily?

    Vitamin B12 is a highly complex nutrient with numerous roles in the body. The recommended daily intake1(RDI) of B12 for non-pregnant adults over 14 is 2.4 micrograms (mcg). Those who are pregnant need 2.6 mcg daily, while those who are breastfeeding need 2.8 mcg/day.


    B12 is required for red blood cell production, energy production, DNA synthesis, and the normal function of the brain and nervous system. However, daily requirements vary according to age, nutritional status, diet, lifestyle, genetics, and concurrent health conditions.


    Deficiency in B122 may lead to various health conditions, including anemia, fatigue, depression, and elevated homocysteine. Vitamin B12 is lower in patients with Parkinson’s disease3, which has been associated with peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and faster disease progression.


    If your diet is not providing adequate B12 or your body cannot absorb it correctly, a B12 supplement may be the best way to support your body’s needs.


    This article will discuss the recommended dosages of B12 for adults according to their age, during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and whether they are vegan or vegetarian.

    Suggested Dosages

    Your own requirements for vitamin B12 will depend on your age, lifestyle, diet, genetics, and other health circumstances.


    The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA4 for vitamin B12 ranges from 1.4 to 3.0 μg per day based on the amount needed to maintain healthy hematological status and normal serum vitamin B12 values.


    However, it’s important to understand that only around ~1.2%. of B12 taken orally5 will be absorbed into the bloodstream.


    This means that in order to get 2.4 μg of B12 per day, you would need to take 200 mcg by mouth daily (1.2% of 200 mcg = 6 mcg).


    To get 6 mcg of B12 per day, you would need to take 500 mcg by mouth daily (1.2% of 500 mcg = 6 mcg)


    Those who are already deficient in B12 will usually require supplementation with 1000-2000 mcg in order to absorb 12-24 mcg.


    Patients with higher vitamin B12 concentrations have better health outcomes6, while those with lower baseline vitamin B12 taking low-dose vitamins have higher risk of stroke, death, and coronary events. This suggests higher vitamin B12 doses may be essential for some patients.


    Treatment with high-dose B12 in mice is also shown to modulate disease penetrance or progression7 in Parkinson’s disease, suggesting that high-dose B12 may be of therapeutic benefit.


    So, how much Vitamin B12 should you take? 

    Adults Under 50

    For adults aged 50 and under, the RDA of Vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg/day8.


    Most people obtain this amount by eating everyday foods such as eggs, lean beef and poultry, dairy products, fish, and shellfish. Two eggs contain 1.2 mcg of B12, while 85g of salmon contains 2.7 mcg.


    Note: Certain conditions may affect your ability to absorb vitamin B12 properly, such as medications and gastrointestinal disorders9. 

    Adults Over 50

    For adults aged 50 and over, the RDA of Vitamin B12 is also 2.4 mcg/day10.


    Susceptibility to vitamin B12 deficiency changes throughout the life cycle, and older adults11 are among those with the highest risk of B12 deficiency.


    However, US and Australian Nutrient Reference Values suggest that older adults may require higher intakes12 due to high rates of malabsorption due to gastritis and decreased stomach acidity13 that occurs with age, reducing the ability to absorb the form of B12 that occurs naturally in foods. The combination of malabsorption and poor dietary intake can speed the development14 of B12 deficiency.


    For these reasons, it is sometimes recommended that higher doses of B12 are obtained via supplementation15, preferably from highly absorbable form of B12.

    Pregnant Women

    The WHO and US National Institutes of Health recommend a higher daily allowance of B12 in pregnant women than non-pregnant women to support fetal neurological development. The RDI for vitamin B12 during pregnancy is 2.6 mcg.


    The body’s need for B12 increases substantially during pregnancy. Vitamin B12 has many roles in the growth and development of the fetus, including the formation of red blood cells and the proper functioning of nerve tissue.


    B12 deficiency in pregnancy can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes17, including miscarriage, pregnancy loss, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight (<2500 g), neural tube defects, increased insulin resistance, higher susceptibility to chronic disease, and long-term deficits in the development of a child’s brain18.


    B12 deficiency during pregnancy is very common, occurring in around 10–28%19 of uncomplicated pregnancies. For this reason, taking B12 during pregnancy is highly recommended.

    Breastfeeding Women

    The recommended daily intake of B12 in breastfeeding women is 2.8 mcg20, but some authorities recommend 5.5 mcg21 per day. Supplementation is usually recommended to achieve these daily intakes or correct a known deficiency.


    The RDI for breastfeeding women is higher than that for pregnant women due to the vital role that B12 plays in infant development.


    Breastfed babies can become B12-deficient22 if the mother is also low in B12. Infants with B12 deficiency face numerous health risks23, including anemia, abnormal skin and hair development, convulsions, weak muscle tone, failure to thrive, and mental developmental delay.


    Women at high risk or with known deficiency should be supplemented with vitamin B12 during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.

    Vegans and Vegetarians

    Vegans and vegetarians risk vitamin B12 deficiency as the nutrient is unavailable from plant sources. Moreover, its impact may be slow to detect because body stores of vitamin B12 can last years.


    One review suggested that up to 86.5%24 of vegetarian adults were low in vitamin B12.


    Vitamin B-12 supplementation has been shown to improve B12 status25 and overall health in vegetarians with subnormal vitamin B-12 levels.


    While adults are generally advised to take 2.4 mcg of B12 per day, some authorities recommend that vegans take up to 6 mcg26 of supplemental B12 per day.

    B12 for People with MTHFR Gene Mutations

    B12 deficiency is more prevalent in those with an MTHFR27 genetic mutation, namely the C677T variant.


    Although the exact reason for B12 deficiency in MTHFR is unclear, it is suggested that it may be due to either the abnormal metabolism of homocysteine in those with MTHFR—which depletes vitamin B12—or that MTHFR is typically associated with poor intestinal absorption of vitamin B1228.


    Those with MTHFR gene mutations are advised to supplement with higher levels of vitamin B12. Beneficial results for the mother and fetus have been shown when 5 mcg of vitamin B1229 is added to folate and vitamin B6 and taken during pregnancy.


    Hemodialysis patients with MTHFR who supplemented with 1500 mcg B1230 and were shown to have lower homocysteine levels than those who did not supplement.

    Can You Take Too Much Vitamin B12?

    No. B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, which means it is not stored in the body. Excess vitamin B12 in the circulation usually exceeds the binding capacity of transcobalamins (transporting proteins) and is flushed out of the body31 in urine. For this reason, high doses are generally considered safe.


    Vitamin B12 has a low toxicity rating32, so there is no Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).


    A daily intake of 4-7 mcg33 of B12 is associated with an adequate vitamin B-12 status, which has led some researchers to suggest that the current RDA of 2.4 mcg/day may be inadequate for optimal B12 levels.


    A dose-response study34 found that the most effective dose for normalizing vitamin B12 status in marginally deficient older adults was 500 µg/day. 

    Why Our Bodies Need Vitamin B12

    Vitamin B12 has numerous crucial bodily roles35, including DNA and amino acid synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, cognitive function, healthy myelin formation, and nervous system maintenance.


    B12 works alongside folate as a coenzyme in one-carbon metabolism and also acts as a cofactor for methionine synthase36(MS), which catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. This process contributes to the production of S-adenosylmethionine, which is required to synthesize neurotransmitters involved in healthy mood.


    S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is the sole methyl donor for the central nervous system, and researchers have linked vitamin B-12 deficiency to cognitive impairment and mental illness37.


    It’s also important to note that the amount of B12 you absorb from food or a supplement will depend on the form it is in. Some forms of B12 are absorbed less effectively(38) than others.


    According to RDA guidelines, 10-30% of adults aged 50+  B12 are likely to have malabsorption syndromes, which may mean they absorb as little as 1% of the ingested B12. These adults would need to take 240 mcg of B1239 to absorb at least 2.4 mcg.


    The three naturally-occurring forms of B12 shown in clinical studies40 to improve vitamin B12 status are Methylcobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, and Adenosylcobalamin. These forms are also shown to be much more effective for some people than cyanocobalamin, the synthetic form of B12.


    Those with MTHFR polymorphisms affecting B12 assimilation can improve their B12 status more efficiently by supplementing with one or more forms of B12, such as Methyl-Life’s® Active B12 Complete. This unique and highly bioavailable B12 supplement contains all 3 of the active B12 forms (hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and adenosylcobalamin).


    Methyl-Life’s B-Methylated-II provides both L-Methylfolate (3 mg) and Methylcobalamin (3.75 mg), both of which are required for healthy methylation. This is an excellent option for those who are pregnant, and/or those with MTHFR genetic mutations that suffer from low mood.  A higher dose of these nutrients is available as Methyl-Life’s® Methylfolate 7.5 mg + Active B12, which includes both methylfolate and two of the three active forms of B12: hydroxocobalamin and adenosylcobalamin.

    Product Recommendations

    Methylcobalamin B12 Complete - Vitamin B12 5000 mcg - Methyl-Life® Supplements

    Methylcobalamin B12 Complete - Vitamin B12 5000 mcg
    (12)

    $32.00

    • All 3 Bioactive Forms of B12 for Full-Spectrum Absorption
    • Methylcobalamin B12, Hydroxy B12 & Adenosylcobalamin
    • 3rd-Party Tested for Purity, Potency & Safety
    • 90 Vegan, Non-GMO, Chewable Mint Tablets

    References

    1. ​National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements; "Vitamin B12 - Health Professional Fact Sheet"; NIH Office of Dietary Supplements; Published: 2024

      https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/

    2. ​Ankar A, Kumar A; "Vitamin B12 Deficiency"; StatPearls; 2024 Sep

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

    3. ​Megan C. Leary, MD, and John H. Growdon, MD; "Low Vitamin B12 and Parkinson Disease"; Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2019 Mar

      https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(19)30177-6/fulltext

    4. Esmée L. Doets, Janneke P. van Wijngaarden, Anna Szczecińska, Carla Dullemeijer, Olga W. Souverein, Rosalie A. M. Dhonukshe-Rutten, Adrienne E. J. M. Cavelaars, Pieter van 't Veer, Anna Brzozowska, Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot; "Vitamin B12 intake and status and cognitive function in elderly people"; Epidemiologic Reviews; 2012 Dec

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23221971/

    5. ​Jennifer Le; "Drug Bioavailability"; Merck Manual Professional Version; 2024 Nov

      https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-bioavailability

    6. ​J. David Spence, Heejung Bang, Lloyd E. Chambless, Meir J. Stampfer; "Vitamin Intervention For Stroke Prevention trial: an efficacy analysis"; Stroke; 2005 Nov

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16239629/

    7. ​Adam Schaffner, Xianting Li, et al.; "Vitamin B₁₂ modulates Parkinson's disease LRRK2 kinase activity through allosteric regulation and confers neuroprotection"; Cell Research; 2019 Mar

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6462009/

    8. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline; "Vitamin B₁₂"; Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline; 1998.

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114302/

    9. Hodges B, Minich DM; "Dietary Folate"; StatPearls; 2023.

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559132/

    10. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline; "Vitamin B₁₂"; Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline; 1998.

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114302/

    11. Goyal A, Terry MB, Jin Z, Siegel AB; "Serum Vitamin D and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma"; Journal of the National Cancer Institute; 2016.

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130103/

    12. Fiona O’Leary, Samir Samman; "Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease"; Nutrients; 2010 Mar

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257642/

    13. Larry E. Johnson; "Vitamin B12 Deficiency"; MSD Manual; 2024 Aug

      https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-nz/home/disorders-of-nutrition/vitamins/vitamin-b12-deficiency

    14. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline; "Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline"; National Academies Press (US); 1998.

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114310/

    15. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline; "Vitamin B₁₂"; Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline; 1998.

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114302/

    16. Larry E. Johnson; "Vitamin B12 Deficiency"; MSD Manual; 2024 Aug

      https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-nz/home/disorders-of-nutrition/vitamins/vitamin-b12-deficiency

    17. Sabia Rashid, Violet Meier, Hannah Patrick; "Review of Vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnancy: a diagnosis not to miss as veganism and vegetarianism become more prevalent"; European Journal of Haemotology; 2020 Dec

      https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ejh.13571#ejh13571-bib-0042

    18. Sudha Venkatramanan, Ilianna E Armata, Barbara J Strupp, Julia L Finkelstein; "Vitamin B-12 and Cognition in Children"; Advances in Nutrition; 2016 Sep

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5015033/

    19. Mahenaz Akhtar, Ismail Hassan; "Severe Anaemia during Late Pregnancy"; Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2012

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3439950/

    20. National Institutes of Health; "Vitamin B12 Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"; National Institutes of Health;2024

      https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/

    21. Bethesda; "Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]"; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534419/#

    22. Gry Hay, Carole Johnston, Andrew Whitelaw, Kerstin Trygg, Helga Refsum; "Folate and cobalamin status in relation to breastfeeding and weaning in healthy infants"; The American journal of clinical nutrition.; 2008 Jul

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18614730/

    23. Bethesda; "Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]"; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534419/#

    24. R Pawlak, S E Lester, T Babatunde; "The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review of literature"; European journal of clinical nutrition; 2014 May

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667752/

    25. T Kwok, P Chook, M Qiao, L Tam, Y K P Poon, A T Ahuja, J Woo, D S Celermajer, K S Woo; "Vitamin B-12 supplementation improves arterial function in vegetarians with subnormal vitamin B-12 status"; Journal of nutrition, health, and aging; 2012

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22659999/

    26. David Rogerson; "Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers"; Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Vol.14, Iss. 1; 2017

      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9

    27. Khalid M Al-Batayneh , Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi, Murad Shehab, Bahaa Al-Trad, Khaldon Bodoor, Wesam Al Khateeb, Alaa A A Aljabali, Mohammad Al Hamad, Greg Eaton; "Association between MTHFR 677C>T Polymorphism and Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Case-control Study"; Journal of medical biochemistry; 2018 Apr

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6294092/

    28. Khalid M Al-Batayneh , Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi, Murad Shehab, Bahaa Al-Trad, Khaldon Bodoor, Wesam Al Khateeb, Alaa A A Aljabali, Mohammad Al Hamad, Greg Eaton; "Association between MTHFR 677C>T Polymorphism and Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Case-control Study"; Journal of medical biochemistry; 2018 Apr

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6294092/

    29. Michela Cirillo, Rossella Fucci, Sara Rubini, Maria Elisabetta Coccia, Cinzia Fatini; "5-Methyltetrahydrofolate and Vitamin B12 Supplementation Is Associated with Clinical Pregnancy and Live Birth in Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology"; International journal of environmental research and public health; 2021 Nov

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657301/

    30. Takamichi Nakamura, Katsu Saionji, Yoshimitsu Hiejima, Hideo Hirayama, Kiichiro Tago, Hajime Takano, Munemasa Tajiri, Katsuji Hayashi, Masaki Kawabata, Makiko Funamizu, Yoshio Makita, Akira Hata; "Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, vitamin B12, and folate influence plasma homocysteine in hemodialysis patients"; American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation; 2002 May

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11979347/

    31. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline; "Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline"; Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1998

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23193625/

    32. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline; "Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline"; Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1998

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114302/

    33. Mustafa Vakur Bor, Kristina M von Castel-Roberts, Gail Pa Kauwell, Sally P Stabler, Robert H Allen, David R Maneval, Lynn B Bailey, Ebba Nexo; "Daily intake of 4 to 7 microg dietary vitamin B-12 is associated with steady concentrations of vitamin B-12-related biomarkers in a healthy young population"; The American journal of clinical nutrition; 2010 Mar

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20071646/

    34. Simone J P M Eussen, Lisette C P G M de Groot, Robert Clarke, Jörn Schneede, Per M Ueland, Willibrord H L Hoefnagels, Wija A van Staveren; "Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial"; Archives of internal medicine; 2005 May

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15911731/

    35. Fiona O’Leary, Samir Samman; "Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease"; Nutrients; 2010 Mar

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257642/

    36. Jacob Selhub, Martha Savaria Morris, Paul F Jacques, Irwin H Rosenberg; "Folate–vitamin B-12 interaction in relation to cognitive impairment, anemia, and biochemical indicators of vitamin B-12 deficiency"; The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 2009 Jan

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647758/

    37. B R Hutto; "Folate and cobalamin in psychiatric illness"; Comprehensive psychiatry; 1997 Nov-Dec

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9406735/

    38. Cristiana Paul, David M Brady; "Comparative Bioavailability and Utilization of Particular Forms of B12 Supplements With Potential to Mitigate B12-related Genetic Polymorphisms"; Integrative Medicine : A Clinicians Journal; 2017 Feb

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312744/

    39. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. "Dietary reference intakes: recommended intakes for individuals."; 2004

      https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+(DRIs):+Recommended+Intakes+for+Individuals,+Food+and+Nutrition+Board&publication_year=2005&

    40. Cristiana Paul, David M Brady; "Comparative Bioavailability and Utilization of Particular Forms of B12 Supplements With Potential to Mitigate B12-related Genetic Polymorphisms"; Integrative Medicine : A Clinicians Journal; 2017 Feb

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312744/

    Katie Stone - Naturopath

    About the Author

    Katie is a qualified Naturopath (BNatMed) and freelance writer from New Zealand. She specializes in all things health and wellness, particularly dietary supplements and nutrition. Katie is also a dedicated runner and has completed more half-marathons than she can count!

    Related Articles

    Methylfolate and Depression

    Methylfolate and Depression

    Written By: Katie Stone - Naturopath

    What is the Best Form of B12 for You?

    What is the Best Form of B12 for You?

    Written By: Jamie Hope - Founder of Methyl-Life

    Staying Healthy Latest News - Staying Healthy Latest News

    Staying Healthy Latest News

    Browse Categories